Throw preserves (bảo quản, lưu giữ) the stack trace. So let’s say Method2 calls Method1, Method1 throws Error1, it’s caught by Method2 and Method2 says throw then Method1 Error1 + Method2 Error2 will be available in the stack trace.

Both ActionFilter and Middleware are powerful mechanisms in ASP.NET Core used to handle cross-cutting concerns, but they operate at different levels of the request pipeline and serve distinct purposes.

Interceptor is a design pattern that allows code to be executed or data to be manipulated before or after a particular operation (an action method is invoked). For example, in web development, interceptors can be used to modify HTTP requests or responses (request/response pipeline). Allowing developers to use interceptors to manage concerns like logging, security, caching, validation, and transaction handling in a modular and reusable way.